Researchers say new system will instantly detect ‘leaves on the line’

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Engineers at Loughborough University, the University of Sheffield, and engineering firm Perpetuum are developing an on-board system for trains that can identify low adhesion hazards such as ‘leaves on the line’ and other issues that cause the rail equivalent of black ice.

The system will detect low adhesion hot spots in real-time and create an up-to-date map of the UK’s network which shows where any hazards might be. The map will allow network operators to react quickly to potential risks allowing services to run more safely and smoothly.

A minimum level of adhesion is essential for reliable braking and traction performance, especially for maintaining safety and limiting delays. The estimated overall cost of low adhesion to the UK railway industry is estimated at £350 million each year, according to RSSB.

“The network is in danger of low adhesion events occurring at all times and the industry takes the impact of these incredibly seriously,” said Loughborough University’s Dr Chris Ward, who is leading the initiative.

“The areas of low adhesion can often be short lived and various types of train can react differently to the conditions.

“This new technology, by detecting low adhesion in real-time from in-service vehicles, will allow for a much more accurate picture of where hazards lie on the UK’s huge network of track, which will mean a quicker response – such as defensive driving or railhead treatment – and as a result a safer network with fewer delays.”

The detection system will use established sensing methods to collect data that will then be processed using algorithms created by Dr Ward and colleagues at Loughborough. The experimental software should pick up small changes in how the wheels of a carriage respond to different track conditions.

Figure 1 The ‘LAD system’ would complement existing methods of understanding the locations of low adhesion, such as the triggering of wheel slip and wheel slide protection system

Elaine Cockroft, Project Manager at Network Rail said: “The aim is to develop a first of type product addressing the issue of low adhesion on the wheel/rail interface and consider a tribometer/measurement tool capable of determining the co-efficiency of friction on the rail head.

“The future ambition is to add the technology to passenger trains or freight locomotives and so the technology would need to be developed to capture continuous data at a travelling speed of 125mph across the network.  This would feed into an up-to-date adhesion map of the network.”

The 22-month study will see the research team conduct a major test programme at Network Rail’s, Rail Innovation and Development Centre, in Tuxford, Nottinghamshire, to test their algorithms, this summer.

Artificial low adhesion will be created for the testing programme and measured using state-of-the-art friction measurement equipment from University of Sheffield.

Professor David Fletcher from Sheffield said: “Our collaboration in the UK Rail Research Innovation Network has enabled us to develop a comprehensive suite of rail surface analysis hardware. We can now take our rail-wheel contact expertise from the lab and deploy it to site trials such as these with Loughborough.”

“Like any vehicle that rolls on wheels, railway vehicles rely on friction being created in the wheel/rail contact area for guidance and traction – for example, steering, braking and accelerating,” said Dr Ward.

“Rail systems have a specifically stiff and low friction contact area of steel wheels on steel rails.

“This is very efficient when it comes to energy loss during rolling and means that less energy is needed to maintain vehicle speeds compare to vehicles with tyres.

“This is due to very little contact area deformation – they are fingernail sized – even with the huge contact pressures. Low adhesion in this contact occurs for a variety of reasons, but one of the most widely known is ‘leaves on the line’.

“The chemistry of the leaves, rain and the huge pressures create a material that is akin to ‘Teflon’ or black ice – very nearly zero friction.

“So, when brakes are applied vehicles can just slide.  A recent example was a vehicle travelling at 100kmh (60mph) was expected to stop in 1km.  Due to low adhesion, it took 5km.

“The main issue is that we don’t know with confidence that these conditions have occurred.  There is no real-time measurement at present. This is the key point we are aiming to address with the technology and turn into a process that can be deployed on the live railway.”

Image credits: istockphotos.com / Loughborough University

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